A year of Covid-19 – and a year of extraordinary science
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The best of humanity has shone through the gloom of 2020. The dedication of scientists across the globe has been remarkable, not just for producing a string of lifesaving breakthroughs but for doing so at an unprecedented pace. Everyone who has supported the research response to Covid-19 can be proud. But the job isn’t finished yet, so we must redouble our commitments to put an end to the pandemic. Here is a selection of key moments in this great scientific success story.
The world starts working to understand a mystery disease
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The world starts working to understand a mystery disease
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The emergence and rapid spread of the novel coronavirus took the whole world by surprise. It soon became clear that this was a global health emergency that would require unprecedented action on many fronts. Key to the response was science: we needed to find out how this new disease affected people and how to stop it. Speed was essential, and research teams around the world wasted no time in getting to work.
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1 January
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One day after the first public statement about a pneumonia-like disease outbreak in Wuhan, China, the World Health Organization (WHO) activates an incident management team.
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7 January
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Chinese scientists identify a novel coronavirus as the cause of the outbreak.
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11 January
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The WHO announces it has received the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus from China and will make this available for scientists worldwide to use in research.
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23 January
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One of these involves Moderna. More programmes soon follow.
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The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announces that three vaccine research programmes have launched.
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11 February
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Scientists and policy makers assess what they know about the virus and identify research priorities. A call for international funding to support this work follows.
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The WHO hosts a global research and innovation forum on the coronavirus.
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28 February
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More than 20 vaccines are in development globally, and several treatments are in clinical trials, the WHO announces.
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Major research efforts mobilise to develop tests, treatments and vaccines
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Major research efforts mobilise to develop tests, treatments and vaccines
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As the spread of disease accelerated, so did the research effort. Major global collaborations were set up so that scientists could share their expertise, and plans were implemented to speed up clinical trials processes so that treatments, vaccines and diagnostics could be tested as quickly as possible, without compromising the safety of the participants. All this work needed funding, so governments, businesses and philanthropic organisations got together to start committing resources.
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9 March
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Funded by Wellcome, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Mastercard.
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Covid-19 Therapeutics Accelerator launches to speed development of and access to treatments.
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16 March
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First human trial of a Covid-19 vaccine starts, run by Moderna.
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18 March
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The WHO’s Solidarity clinical trial begins to look for effective treatments.
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23 March
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Thousands of Covid-19 patients in the UK are enrolled.
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UK-based RECOVERY clinical trial begins, looking at treatments.
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23 April
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First trial participants receive Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine candidate.
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24 April
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This global collaboration will support development of Covid-19 tests, treatments and vaccines.
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The WHO launches the ACT-Accelerator.
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29 April
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First patients receive BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine candidate.
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4 May
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Global leaders also commit to making sure that any Covid-19 vaccines, treatments and tests will be equitably accessible across the world.
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European Union holds pledging event, raising some of the funding needed for research.
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Early evidence on vaccines and treatments builds up
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Early evidence on vaccines and treatments builds up
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The accelerated research programmes started producing evidence faster than would have been possible even a few years ago. Some of these findings were positive about what worked and others negative, but all this new knowledge was crucial to show researchers and healthcare systems where to concentrate their work. Meanwhile, international collaborations were developing policies to make sure the eventual results of research could be delivered to people worldwide, quickly and equitably.
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18 May
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Early data shows Moderna’s vaccine candidate creates an immune response in humans.
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1 June
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First clinical trials of antibody treatments start, run by Eli Lilly.
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5 June
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Results from the RECOVERY trial show that hydroxychloroquine isn’t effective for hospitalised patients.
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11 June
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A second antibody treatment – Regeneron’s cocktail of two antibodies – starts clinical trials.
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16 June
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Within three weeks, ACT-Accelerator secures access to 2.9m treatment courses for low- and middle-income countries.
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Results from the RECOVERY trial make dexamethasone the first drug known to improve survival rates in patients with Covid-19.
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Research funding delivers results, but much more is still needed
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Research funding delivers results, but much more is still needed
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The flow of potentially lifesaving discoveries continued. Even though the need was urgent, the clinical trials had to be conducted carefully and rigorously to make sure the participants were safe and the results were reliable. But researchers proved themselves able to make progress at record speed without making undue haste. More and more countries agreed on the need to make the results of these discoveries accessible to all, although the supply of funding to make this happen remained a crucial concern.
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27 June
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Global leaders renew their commitment to produce and distribute treatments, tests and vaccines equitably across the globe.
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Pledging summit hosted by the European Commission and Global Citizen raises more funding for research.
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29 June
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The RECOVERY trial finds no clinical benefit from use of lopinavir-ritonavir in hospitalised Covid-19 patients.
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14 July
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Early results from Moderna’s vaccine show a consistent antibody response.
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20 July
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Early results from Oxford/AstraZeneca’s vaccine show it triggers an immune response.
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27 July
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Moderna’s vaccine starts enrolling patients for phase III clinical trial.
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8 September
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Resumes 4 days later.
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Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine trial pauses to assess potential safety concern.
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14 September
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Regeneron’s antibody treatment starts being tested as part of the RECOVERY trial.
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21 September
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This is the ACT-Accelerator's COVAX initiative.
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156 countries agree to work together to make any new vaccines available to both rich and poorer countries.
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We learn more about treatments – and vaccine results are spectacular
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We learn more about treatments – and vaccine results are spectacular
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More studies provided vital information about what does and doesn’t work to treat Covid-19, and a string of excellent results from vaccine trials brought hope that the pandemic could soon be at an end. Never before in the history of medical science has such extraordinary progress been made, against a disease that the world had never heard of a mere 11 months ago.
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29 September
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Early data shows that Regeneron’s antibody treatment may help non-hospitalised patients recover faster.
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30 September
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World leaders pledge roughly $1bn for the ACT-Accelerator.
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7 October
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Early data from Eli Lilly suggests its monoclonal antibody treatment can reduce levels of virus in patients and prevent hospitalisations.
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15 October
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Remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon have "little or no effect" on mortality or disease progression among hospitalised patients.
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Interim results from WHO’s Solidarity trial are negative for several repurposed drugs.
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9 November
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Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine shown to be more than 90% effective at preventing Covid-19.
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16 November
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Moderna vaccine shown to be 94.5% effective at preventing Covid-19.
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23 November
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Results suggest a different dosing regimen could give 90% effectiveness.
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Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine shown to be at least 62% effective at preventing Covid-19.
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2 December
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The UK authorises it for use, and vaccination starts less than a week later.
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Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine becomes the first Covid-19 vaccine to be approved by any national government.
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18 December
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The US becomes the first country to authorise emergency use of the Moderna vaccine.
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30 December
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The UK is the first country to authorise the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine.
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The next chapter: deliver vaccines and develop treatments, for everyone
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The next chapter: deliver vaccines and develop treatments, for everyone
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We mustn’t get overconfident after the good news on vaccines. It will still take a lot of work – and resources – to get billions of doses distributed around the world. While that happens, Covid-19 will continue to claim thousands of lives a day well into 2021.
This means it’s essential to keep up the research effort on finding better ways to treat Covid-19. And it’s essential to build the political will and infrastructure to make sure everyone in the world, rich and poor alike, can reap the benefits of the tremendous work science has achieved.
The work will need more funding. But we can be more confident than ever before that this funding will deliver results. 2020 will go down in history as the year of the pandemic. And 2021 can be the year we beat it.
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Governments and private and philanthropic funders can support research into and equitable access to Covid-19 tests, treatments and vaccines.
The best of humanity has shone through the gloom of 2020. The dedication of scientists across the globe has been remarkable, not just for producing a string of lifesaving breakthroughs but for doing so at an unprecedented pace.
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A year of Covid-19 – and a year of extraordinary science | News | Wellcome
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The dedication of scientists across the globe in 2020 has been remarkable, not just for producing a string of lifesaving breakthroughs but for doing so at an unprecedented pace. Here is a timeline of the Covid-19 research moments.
